Amelogenesis Imperfecta is a rare genetic disorder that affects the development of tooth enamel. People with this condition have abnormal enamel formation, which can result in teeth that are discolored, pitted, or prone to rapid wear and breakage....

Bruxism, also known as teeth grinding, is a condition characterized by the involuntary clenching, grinding, or gnashing of teeth. It can occur during the day or night, but is most commonly associated with nighttime grinding, known as sleep bruxism...

Bulimia nervosa facts Bulimia is an eating disorder that is characterized by episodes of binging and purging the food and or associated calories. Bulimia is a significant public-health problem, both because of the physical...

Crossbite is a dental condition in which the upper teeth do not align properly with the lower teeth when the jaw is closed. This misalignment can occur on one side of the mouth (unilateral crossbite) or on both sides (bilateral crossbite). Crossbi...

Crowded teeth, also known as dental crowding, is a common orthodontic issue where there is not enough space in the mouth for all of the teeth to align properly. This can result in teeth overlapping, twisting, or becoming crooked. Crowded teeth can...

Dental plaque is a sticky, colorless film of bacteria that forms on the teeth and along the gumline. It is constantly forming on the teeth and can lead to tooth decay and gum disease if not removed regularly through proper oral hygiene practices s...

Dentinogenesis Imperfecta is a genetic disorder that affects the development of tooth dentin, which is the hard tissue that makes up the majority of a tooth. This condition results in teeth that are discolored, weak, and prone to breaking or weari...

Rapp-Hodgkin syndrome, an extremely rare inherited multisystem disorder that is apparent at birth (congenital) or during infancy, belongs to a group of diseases known as ectodermal dysplasias. Ectodermal dysplasias typically affect the skin, teeth...

Johanson-Blizzard syndrome (JBS) is an extremely rare genetic disorder that affects multiple organ systems of the body. Many symptoms are present at birth (congenital) or early childhood. The spectrum of potential features and physical findings as...

Ectrodactyly ectodermal dysplasia cleft lip/palate (EEC) syndrome is a rare genetic disorder. Symptoms can vary greatly from one person to another. Affected individuals often have abnormalities affecting the limbs including ectrodactyly, a conditi...

Enamel hypoplasia is a developmental defect of the teeth in which the enamel does not form properly, resulting in thin or missing enamel on the teeth. This can lead to increased sensitivity, discoloration, and an increased risk of tooth decay. Ena...

Gaps between teeth, also known as diastema, are spaces or openings between two or more teeth. These gaps can occur anywhere in the mouth but are most commonly seen between the two upper front teeth. Gaps between teeth can be caused by a variety of...

Pierre Robin sequence is characterized by an unusually small lower jaw (micrognathia) and downward displacement of the tongue (glossoptosis). Some infants also have an abnormal opening in the roof of the mouth (cleft palate); both the soft and har...

Gum recession is a condition in which the gum tissue surrounding the teeth wears away or pulls back, exposing more of the tooth or the tooth's root. This can lead to sensitivity, increased risk of tooth decay, and in severe cases, tooth loss. Gum ...

Hay-Wells syndrome, also known as ankyloblepharon-ectodermal dysplasia-clefting (AEC) syndrome, is a rare inherited disorder that belongs to a group of disorders known as the ectodermal dysplasias. Major characteristics of Hay-Wells syndrome inclu...

Progeria, or Hutchinson-Gilford progeria syndrome (HGPS), is a rare, fatal, genetic condition of childhood with striking features resembling premature aging. Children with progeria usually have a normal appearance in early infancy. At approximatel...

Hypodontia, also known as missing teeth, is a condition in which a person is born with fewer teeth than the normal number. This can affect both primary (baby) teeth and permanent teeth. Hypodontia can range from the absence of just one tooth to mu...

Lowe syndrome is characterized by vision problems including clouding of the lenses of the eyes (cataracts) that are present at birth, kidney problems that usually develop in the first year of life, and brain abnormalities that are associated with ...

Malocclusion is a dental condition in which the teeth are misaligned or do not fit together properly when the jaws are closed. This can result in problems with biting, chewing, and speaking, as well as issues with the appearance of the teeth and f...

Nance-Horan syndrome is a rare genetic disorder that may be evident at birth (congenital). It is primarily characterized by abnormalities of the teeth and clouding of the lens of the eyes (congenital cataracts), resulting in poor vision. Additiona...

Open bite is a type of malocclusion (misalignment of the teeth) where the upper and lower front teeth do not touch when the mouth is closed. This can be caused by a variety of factors, including genetics, thumb sucking, tongue thrusting, or prolon...

What is the oral cavity? The oral cavity and oropharynx have many parts: Lips Lining of your cheeks Salivary glands (glands that make saliva) Roof of your mouth (hard palate) Back of y...

Osteonecrosis of the jaw (ONJ) is a rare condition in which the bone tissue in the jaw fails to heal after minor trauma, such as a tooth extraction or dental surgery, leading to the death of the bone tissue. This can result in pain, swelling, infe...

An overbite is a dental condition in which the upper front teeth overlap significantly with the lower front teeth when the mouth is closed. This can be caused by genetics, thumb sucking, or prolonged use of a pacifier. Overbites can lead to issues...

Periodontitis is a serious gum infection that damages the soft tissue and destroys the bone that supports your teeth. It is a common cause of tooth loss in adults and is typically caused by poor oral hygiene that allows bacteria in plaque to build...

Rothmund-Thomson syndrome (RTS) is a rare genetic disorder that can affect many parts of the body. The disorder is characterized by distinctive abnormalities of the skin, sparse hair, eyelashes and/or eyebrows, small stature, skeletal and dental a...

SHORT syndrome is a condition in which affected individuals have multiple birth defects in different organ systems. The term SHORT is an acronym with each letter representing one of the common findings in affected persons:(S)= short st...

Split hand/split foot malformation (SHFM) is a genetic disorder characterized by the complete or partial absence of some fingers or toes, often combined with clefts in the hands or feet. There may also be the appearance of webbing between fingers ...

Split hand/split foot malformation (SHFM) is a genetic disorder characterized by the complete or partial absence of some fingers or toes, often combined with clefts in the hands or feet. There may also be the appearance of webbing between fingers ...

Tricho-dento-osseous (TDO) syndrome is an autosomal dominant genetic disorder that belongs to a group of diseases known as ectodermal dysplasias. Ectodermal dysplasias typically affect the hair, teeth, nails, and/or skin. TDO syndrome is character...

Tetracycline staining refers to a discoloration of the teeth caused by the use of tetracycline antibiotics during tooth development. Tetracycline antibiotics can bind to calcium ions in developing teeth, leading to a yellow or grayish-brown discol...

Tooth erosion is the gradual wearing away of the enamel on the surface of the teeth. Enamel is the hard outer layer that protects the teeth from decay and damage. When the enamel is eroded, it can expose the underlying dentin, which is softer and ...

Trichorhinophalangeal syndrome type II (TRPS2), also known as Langer-Giedion syndrome, is an extremely rare inherited multisystem disorder. TRPS2 is characterized by fine, thin hair; unusual facial features; progressive growth retardation resultin...

An underbite is a dental condition in which the lower teeth protrude further out than the upper teeth when the jaw is closed. This misalignment of the teeth can cause issues with chewing, speaking, and overall oral health. Underbites can be caused...

Gorham's disease (GD) is an extremely rare bone disorder; fewer than 200 cases are reported in the medical literature. It is characterized by bone loss (osteolysis) often associated with swelling or abnormal blood vessel growth (angiomatous prolif...

General DiscussionChromosome 22q11.2 deletion syndrome is associated with a range of problems including: congenital heart disease, palate abnormalities, immune system dysfunction including autoimmune disease, low calcium (hypocalcemia) an...