Cayler syndrome, also known as "asymmetric crying facies with cardiac defects," is an extremely rare disorder characterized by congenital heart defects and the underdevelopment or absence of one of the muscles that control the movements of the low...

Cayler syndrome, also known as "asymmetric crying facies with cardiac defects," is an extremely rare disorder characterized by congenital heart defects and the underdevelopment or absence of one of the muscles that control the movements of the low...

Reflex sympathetic dystrophy syndrome (RSDS), also known as complex regional pain syndrome, is a rare disorder of the sympathetic nervous system that is characterized by chronic, severe pain. The sympathetic nervous system is that part of the auto...

Reflex sympathetic dystrophy syndrome (RSDS), also known as complex regional pain syndrome, is a rare disorder of the sympathetic nervous system that is characterized by chronic, severe pain. The sympathetic nervous system is that part of the auto...

What is alpha thalassemia? Alpha thalassemia is a blood disorder that reduces the production of normal hemoglobin. Hemoglobin is the protein in red blood cells that carries oxygen to cells throughout the body. What are the types of...

Angular cheilitis, also known as perleche, is a common inflammatory condition that affects the corners of the mouth. It is characterized by redness, cracking, and sometimes painful sores at the corners of the lips. The condition can be caused by a...

Torn anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) facts The anterior cruciate ligament is one of the four ligaments in the knee that provides stabilization. Torn ACLs are a common knee injury. An ACL tear or sprain occurs wh...

Polymyalgia rheumatica is a rare inflammatory disease characterized by muscle pain (myalgia), stiffness, and additional generalized systemic symptoms such as fatigue, low-grade fever, and/or a general feeling of ill health (malaise). Polymyalgia r...

Arthritis is the swelling and tenderness of one or more joints. The main symptoms of arthritis are joint pain and stiffness, which typically worsen with age. The most common types of arthritis are osteoarthritis and rheumatoid arthritis. O...

Arthritis is the swelling and tenderness of one or more joints. The main symptoms of arthritis are joint pain and stiffness, which typically worsen with age. The most common types of arthritis are osteoarthritis and rheumatoid arthritis. O...

Like many people with chronic ailments, sufferers of chronic arthritis are potentially vulnerable to proponents of heavily marketed "cure-all" treatments. These "quick fix" treatments are promoted as having great benefits, but in reality have no r...

Infectious arthritis is an inflammation of one or more joints that occurs as a result of infection by bacteria, viruses or, less frequently, fungi or parasites. The symptoms of Infectious arthritis depend upon which agent has caused the infection ...

Infectious arthritis is an inflammation of one or more joints that occurs as a result of infection by bacteria, viruses or, less frequently, fungi or parasites. The symptoms of Infectious arthritis depend upon which agent has caused the infection ...

Juvenile idiopathic arthritis, formerly known as juvenile rheumatoid arthritis, is the most common type of arthritis in children under the age of 16. Juvenile idiopathic arthritis can cause persistent joint pain, swelling and stiffness. So...

Infectious arthritis is an inflammation of one or more joints that occurs as a result of infection by bacteria, viruses or, less frequently, fungi or parasites. The symptoms of Infectious arthritis depend upon which agent has caused the infection ...

General DiscussionChagas Disease is a tropical infectious disease caused by the parasite Trypanosoma cruzi. It is transmitted by the bite of one of several species of blood-sucking insects or by blood transfusion. Acute Chagas Disease usu...

Breast cancer is the most common cancer in pregnant women and tends to affect women in their mid-30s. Although only about 1 in every 1,000 pregnant women get breast cancer, the disease can be devastating to both the mother and her child -- so it i...

Younger women generally do not consider themselves to be at risk for breast cancer. Only 5 percent of all breast cancer cases occur in women under 40 years old. However, breast cancer can strike at any age, and all women should be aware of their p...

Facing a breast cancer diagnosis can be overwhelming. Your stress levels may skyrocket. You may worry about finances. And you may be asking yourself difficult questions, such as whether to write a living will. Education and supportive care can hel...

Facing a breast cancer diagnosis can be overwhelming. Your stress levels may skyrocket. You may worry about finances. And you may be asking yourself difficult questions, such as whether to write a living will. Education and supportive care can hel...

Bulimia nervosa facts Bulimia is an eating disorder that is characterized by episodes of binging and purging the food and or associated calories. Bulimia is a significant public-health problem, both because of the physical...

Bunions facts Bunions involve boney prominences and repositioning of the joints at the base of the big toes. Bunions most commonly affect the inner foot at the base of the big toe but also can affect the outside of the foo...

Familial articular chondrocalcinosis is a rare inherited metabolic disorder characterized by deposits of calcium pyrophosphate dihydrate crystals (CPPD) in one or more joint cartilages resulting in eventual damage to the joints. Symptoms may devel...

Canker sores, also known as aphthous ulcers, are small, painful sores that develop on the inside of the mouth, on the gums, or on the tongue. They are usually round or oval in shape and have a white or yellow center with a red border. Canker sores...

Carcinoid syndrome is a disease consisting of a combination of symptoms, physical manifestations, and abnormal laboratory findings. Carcinoid syndrome is seen in individuals who have an underlying carcinoid tumour with spread to the liver. Carcino...

  Cellulitis is a spreading bacterial infection of the skin and tissues beneath the skin. Staphylococcus and Streptococcus are the types of bacteria that are usually responsible for cellulitis, although many types of ...

Cheek biting, also known as cheek chewing or morsicatio buccarum, is a habit in which a person repeatedly bites or chews on the inside of their cheek. This behavior can be caused by stress, anxiety, or nervousness, and can lead to irritation, pain...

Chilblains (CHILL-blayns) are the painful inflammation of small blood vessels in your skin that occur in response to repeated exposure to cold but not freezing air. Also known as pernio, chilblains can cause itching, red patches, swelling and blis...

Colitis means inflammation of the colon. The colon, also known as the large intestine or large bowel, constitutes the last part of the digestive tract. The colon is a long, muscular tube that receives digested food from the small intestine. It rem...

What is congestive heart failure (CHF)? Heart failure describes the inability or failure of the heart to adequately meet the needs of organs and tissues for oxygen and nutrients. This decrease in cardiac output, the amount of blood that th...

Mixed connective tissue disease facts Connective tissues are the framework of the cells of the body. Mixed connective tissue disease is an "overlap" combination of connective tissue diseases. Diagnosis of mixed c...

Contact dermatitis facts Contact dermatitis is a rash that occurs at the site of exposure to a substance capable of producing an allegic or irritant skin response. Contact dermatitis can be caused by noxious, irritating su...

COPD is a chronic lung disease that results in obstructed airflow from the lungs. Asthmatics have difficulty breathing, cough, cough up mucus (sputum), and wheeze. It is most commonly caused by long-term exposure to irritating particles or gases, ...

COPD is a long-term lung disease that causes blocked airflow from the lungs. People who have asthma have trouble breathing, cough, cough up mucus (sputum), and wheeze. It is most often caused by exposure to irritating particles or gases over a long p...

A cracked tooth is a common dental problem that occurs when a tooth has a visible crack or fracture in the enamel. This can happen due to a variety of reasons, such as biting down on a hard object, grinding teeth, or trauma to the mouth. Cracked t...

Mixed cryoglobulinemia is a rare disorder characterized by the presence of cryoglobulins in the blood. Cryoglobulins are abnormal proteins that thicken and clump together at cold temperatures, usually below 98.6 degrees Fahrenheit (the average hum...

Cutis laxa is rarely encountered and may occur in several inherited (congenital) forms or come about in the course of another disorder (acquired). It is a connective tissue disorder characterized by skin that is loose (lax), hanging, wrinkled, and...

Cyst facts Cysts are closed sac-like or capsule structures that may be filled with semisolid material, gaseous material, or liquid. There are several causes of cysts, including genetic, infectious, and other causes that resu...

De Quervain's tenosynovitis is inflammation of tendons on the side of the wrist at the base of the thumb. These tendons include the extensor pollicis brevis and the abductor pollicis longus tendons, which extend the joints of the thumb. De...

Dental cavitation, also known as a cavitation lesion or a cavitation, is a hole or hollow space in the jawbone that is caused by a chronic infection or inflammation in the bone. These cavitations can occur after a tooth extraction, root canal trea...

Dental trauma refers to any injury or damage to the teeth, gums, or surrounding tissues caused by a sudden force or impact. This can include fractures, chips, dislodged teeth, or injuries to the soft tissues of the mouth. Dental trauma can result ...

A dentigerous cyst is a type of odontogenic cyst that forms around the crown of an unerupted or developing tooth. It is the second most common type of odontogenic cyst and is typically associated with impacted teeth, most commonly the third molars...

Camurati-Engelmann disease is a rare genetic disorder characterized by progressive widening and malformation of the shafts of the long bones (diaphyseal dysplasia). Major symptoms may include bone pain, particularly in the legs; skeletal abnormali...

Dislocated ankle facts An isolated dislocated ankle is a rare injury. Usually, there is an associated fracture of the bones that make up the ankle. The ankle dislocates as a result of a fall, motor-vehicle crash, or sporti...

Duodenal atresia or stenosis is a rare congenital digestive disorder that usually occurs for no apparent reason (sporadically). However, a few cases of duodenal atresia have been inherited as an autosomal recessive genetic trait. Duode...

Dysplasia epiphysealis hemimelica, also known as Trevor disease, is a rare skeletal developmental disorder of childhood. It is characterized by an overgrowth of cartilage on the ends (epiphyses) of the long bones of the arms and legs and the bones...

Eczema facts Eczema is not a single disease but a reaction pattern of the skin produced by a number conditions. Atopic dermatitis, a common causes of eczema, is more prevalent in those with asthma and hay fever. ...

Elbow pain facts The elbow joint is the area of union of three long bones. Tendinitis can affect the inner or outer elbow. Treatment of tendinitis includes ice, rest, and medication for inflammation. Ba...

Ollier disease is a rare skeletal disorder characterized by abnormal bone development (skeletal dysplasia). While this disorder may be present at birth (congenital); it may not become apparent until early childhood when symptoms, such as deformiti...

Dysplasia epiphysealis hemimelica, also known as Trevor disease, is a rare skeletal developmental disorder of childhood. It is characterized by an overgrowth of cartilage on the ends (epiphyses) of the long bones of the arms and legs and the bones...

An eruption cyst is a benign, soft tissue swelling that occurs in the mouth when a tooth is about to erupt through the gum. It appears as a small, fluid-filled blister that is usually purple or blue in color. Eruption cysts are most commonly seen ...

Erythema nodosum is a type of skin inflammation that is located in a certain portion of the fatty layer of skin. Erythema nodosum (also called EN) results in reddish, painful, tender lumps most commonly located in the front of the legs below the k...

Erythroplakia is a condition characterized by red patches or lesions on the mucous membranes of the mouth, throat, or other areas of the body. These patches are often smooth, velvety, and may bleed easily when touched. Erythroplakia is considered ...

Erythropoietic protoporphyria (EPP) is a rare inherited metabolic disorder characterized by a deficiency of the enzyme ferrochelatase (FECH). Due to abnormally low levels of this enzyme, excessive amounts of protoporphyrin accumulate in the bone m...

Extrinsic Allergic Pneumonia, also known as Allergic Interstitial Pneumonitis and Hypersensitivity Pneumonitis, is an inflammatory syndrome that affects the lungs. Extrinsic: the origin is an external matter - an antigen. Allergic: The cau...

Pediatric cardiomyopathy is a rare heart condition that affects infants and children. Specifically, cardiomyopathy means disease of the heart muscle (myocardium). Several different types of cardiomyopathy exist and the specific symptoms vary from ...

Fibrocystic breast changes  Fibrocystic breast changes lead to the development of fluid-filled round or oval sacs (cysts) and more prominent scar-like (fibrous) tissue, which can make breasts feel tender, lumpy or ropy. Fibroc...

Fountain syndrome is an extremely rare inherited disorder that is characterized by mental retardation; abnormal swelling of the cheeks and lips due to the excessive accumulation of body fluids under the skin (subcutaneous) of the face (edema); ske...

Gangrene facts Gangrene refers to dead or dying body tissue(s) that occur because of inadequate blood supply. There are two major types of gangrene, wet gangrene and dry gangrene. Dry gangrene can result from con...

Giant cell myocarditis is a rare cardiovascular disorder that occurs for unknown reasons (idiopathic). It is characterized by inflammation of the heart muscle (myocardium), a condition referred to as myocarditis. Inflammation is caused by widespre...

Glossitis is a condition characterized by inflammation of the tongue. This inflammation can cause the tongue to become swollen, red, and painful. Glossitis can be caused by a variety of factors, including infections, allergies, nutritional deficie...

Gout is a type of arthritis that causes inflammation, usually in one joint, that begins suddenly. Gouty arthritis is caused by the deposition of crystals of uric acid in a joint. Gout can cause symptoms and signs such as ...

Gout is a type of arthritis that causes inflammation, usually in one joint, that begins suddenly. Gouty arthritis is caused by the deposition of crystals of uric acid in a joint. Gout can cause symptoms and signs such as ...

A gum boil, also known as a dental abscess, is a painful swelling filled with pus that forms on the gums. It is usually caused by a bacterial infection in the tooth or gums and can be a result of tooth decay, gum disease, or a dental injury. Gum b...

What Is Restrictive Cardiomyopathy? Restrictive cardiomyopathy, the rarest form of cardiomyopathy, is a condition in which the walls of the lower chambers of the heart (the ventricles) are abnormally rigid and lack the flexibility to expan...

Restrictive cardiomyopathy, the rarest form of cardiomyopathy, is a condition in which the walls of the lower chambers of the heart (the ventricles) are abnormally rigid and lack the flexibility to expand as the ventricles fill with blood. ...

Hemangioma is a noncancerous growth of blood vessels that can occur anywhere in the body. It is most commonly found on the skin or internal organs, such as the liver or lungs. Hemangiomas are usually present at birth or develop shortly after and c...

Papular urticaria, usually called hives, is characterized by large numbers of very itchy red bumps (papules) that come and go every few days over a period of a month or so. The bumps are usually between 0.2 and 2 cm. in size and some may develop i...

Hydrocele facts While hydroceles may occur in either gender, they are much more common in males. A hydrocele is a collection of clear fluid in a thin walled sack present in the scrotum. Hydroceles may be either o...

Carbamoyl phosphate synthetase I deficiency (CPSID) is a rare inherited disorder characterized by complete or partial lack of the carbamoyl phosphate synthetase (CPS) enzyme. This is one of five enzymes that play a role in the breakdown and remova...

Ornithine transcarbamylase (OTC) deficiency is a rare X-linked genetic disorder characterized by complete or partial lack of the enzyme ornithine transcarbamylase (OTC). OTC is one of six enzymes that play a role in the break down and removal of n...

General DiscussionPediatric cardiomyopathy is a rare heart condition that affects infants and children. Specifically, cardiomyopathy means disease of the heart muscle (myocardium). Several different types of cardiomyopathy exist and the s...

General DiscussionGiant cell myocarditis is a rare cardiovascular disorder that occurs for unknown reasons (idiopathic). It is characterized by inflammation of the heart muscle (myocardium), a condition referred to as myocarditis. Inflamm...

IgA nephropathy (nuh-FROP-uh-thee), also known as Berger's disease, is a kidney disease that occurs when an antibody called immunoglobulin A (IgA) lodges in your kidneys. This results in local inflammation that, over time, may hamper your kidneys'...

Impacted wisdom teeth are third molars at the back of the mouth that do not have enough room to emerge or develop normally. This can cause them to become trapped or impacted in the jawbone or gum tissue, leading to pain, swelling, infection, and o...

Inflammatory breast cancer is a rare form of breast cancer. It is typically a very aggressive disease and is called "inflammatory" because the cancer cells block the lymphatic vessels, resulting in changes in the breast (swelling and redness) that...

wJansen type metaphyseal chondrodysplasia is an extremely rare progressive disorder in which portions of the bones of the arms and legs develop abnormally with unusual cartilage formations and subsequent abnormal bone formation at the large (bulbo...

Jansen type metaphyseal chondrodysplasia is an extremely rare progressive disorder in which portions of the bones of the arms and legs develop abnormally with unusual cartilage formations and subsequent abnormal bone formation at the large (bulbou...

Jansen type metaphyseal chondrodysplasia is an extremely rare progressive disorder in which portions of the bones of the arms and legs develop abnormally with unusual cartilage formations and subsequent abnormal bone formation at the large (bulbou...

Jarcho-Levin syndrome is a rare genetic disorder characterized by distinctive malformations of bones of the spinal column (vertebrae) and the ribs, respiratory insufficiency, and/or other abnormalities. Infants born with Jarcho-Levin syndrome have...

Jaw dislocation occurs when the lower part of the jawbone (mandible) is moved out of its normal position at one or both of the temporomandibular joints (TMJ). This can happen as a result of trauma, such as a blow to the face, or due to excessive j...

Jaw pain is discomfort or soreness in the jaw area, which can be caused by a variety of factors such as teeth grinding, temporomandibular joint (TMJ) disorder, dental issues, or muscle tension. It can range from mild to severe and may be accompani...

Bilateral Renal Agenesis is the absence of both kidneys at birth. It is a genetic disorder characterized by a failure of the kidneys to develop in a fetus. This absence of kidneys causes a deficiency of amniotic fluid (Oligohydramnios) in a pregna...

Kienbock Disease is an acquired bone disorder. Abnormalities of the lunate bone in the wrist develops following an injury or inflammation. Recurrent pain and stiffness occur in conjunction with thickening, swelling and tenderness in soft tissue ov...

Knee bursitis facts A bursa is a fluid-filled sac that functions as a gliding surface to reduce friction between moving tissues of the body. There are three major bursae of the knee. Bursitis is usually not infec...

Knee injury facts The knee is one of the most common body parts to be injured. Types of knee injuries include sprains, strains, bursitis, dislocations, fractures, meniscus tears, and overuse injuries. Knee injuri...

Knee pain facts Knee pain is a common problem with many causes, from acute injuries to medical conditions. Knee pain can be localized or diffuse throughout the knee. Knee pain is often accompanied by physical res...

Kniest dysplasia is one of several forms of dwarfism that is caused by a change (mutation) in a gene known as COL2A1. This gene is involved in the production of a particular protein that forms type 2 collagen, which is essential for the normal dev...

Kniest dysplasia is one of several forms of dwarfism that is caused by a change (mutation) in a gene known as COL2A1. This gene is involved in the production of a particular protein that forms type 2 collagen, which is essential for the normal dev...

A knocked-out tooth, also known as an avulsed tooth, is a tooth that has been completely displaced from its socket in the jawbone due to trauma or injury. This can happen as a result of a sports injury, car accident, or a fall. It is important to ...

Kohler disease is a rare bone disorder of the foot in children that may be the result of stress-related compression at a critical time during the period of growth. It is characterized by limping caused by pain and swelling in the foot. It most oft...

Kohler disease is a rare bone disorder of the foot in children that may be the result of stress-related compression at a critical time during the period of growth. It is characterized by limping caused by pain and swelling in the foot. It most oft...

Legg-Calvé-Perthes Disease (LCPD) is one of a group of disorders known as the Osteochondroses. The Osteochondroses typically are characterized by degeneration (avascular necrosis) and subsequent regeneration of the growing end of a bone (ep...

Drug-induced liver diseases are diseases of the liver that are caused by physician-prescribed medications, over-the-counter medications, vitamins, hormones, herbs, illicit ("recreational") drugs, and environmental toxins. What is the liver...

Hereditary lymphedema is a genetic developmental disorder affecting the lymphatic system. It is characterized by swelling (edema) of certain parts of the body. The lymphatic system is a circulatory network of vessels, ducts, and nodes that filter ...

Osteopetrosis may be inherited as either a dominant or recessive trait and is marked by increased bone density, brittle bones, and, in some cases, skeletal abnormalities. Although symptoms may not initially be apparent in people with mild forms of...

Milk allergy is an abnormal response by the body's immune system to milk and products containing milk. It's one of the most common food allergies in children. Cow's milk is the usual cause of milk allergy, but milk from sheep, goats, buffalo and o...

Mouth sores, also known as canker sores or aphthous ulcers, are small, painful lesions that develop on the inside of the mouth, including the lips, cheeks, gums, and tongue. They can be white or yellow in color and are often surrounded by a red bo...

A mucocele is a small, painless cyst that forms on the inside of the mouth, usually on the lower lip or the floor of the mouth. It is caused by a blockage of the salivary glands, which leads to the accumulation of saliva and the formation of a flu...

Hereditary multiple osteochondromas (HMO) is a rare genetic disorder characterized by multiple benign (noncancerous) bone tumors that are covered by cartilage (osteochondromas), often on the growing end (metaphysis) of the long bones of the legs, ...

Muscle sprains and strains facts A sprain is abnormal stretching or tearing of a ligament that supports a joint. A strain is abnormal stretching or tearing of a muscle or tendon. Sprains and strains may be caused...

Flesh-eating bacteria (necrotizing fasciitis) is a rare infection of the skin and tissues below it. It can be deadly if not treated quickly. Necrotizing fasciitis spreads quickly and aggressively in an infected person. It causes tissue dea...

General DiscussionNeonatal lupus is a rare autoimmune disorder that is present at birth (congenital). Affected infants often develop a characteristic red rash or skin eruption. In addition, infants with neonatal lupus may develop liver di...

Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM) is a disease in which the heart muscle becomes...

Odontoma is a type of benign tumor that develops in the jawbone and consists of dental tissue. It is considered a developmental anomaly rather than a true neoplasm, as it is composed of mature dental tissues such as enamel, dentin, cementum, and p...

Ollier disease is a rare skeletal disorder characterized by abnormal bone development (skeletal dysplasia). While this disorder may be present at birth (congenital); it may not become apparent until early childhood when symptoms, such as deformiti...

Oral Allergy Syndrome (OAS) is a condition in which individuals experience allergic reactions to certain fruits, vegetables, nuts, and spices. These reactions occur because the proteins in these foods are similar to those found in pollen, causing ...

Oral cysts are fluid-filled sacs or pouches that can develop in the mouth. They can occur in various locations, including the gums, lips, tongue, and roof of the mouth. Oral cysts are typically painless and may go unnoticed until they become large...

An oral fistula is an abnormal connection or passageway that forms between two structures in the mouth, such as between the oral cavity and the skin or between the oral cavity and the nasal cavity. This can result in the leakage of saliva, food, o...

Oral hyperplasia is a condition characterized by an abnormal increase in the size of the tissues in the mouth. This can occur in the gums, tongue, cheeks, or other areas of the oral cavity. It can be caused by a variety of factors, including infla...

Oral Kaposi sarcoma is a type of cancer that affects the lining of the mouth and throat. It is caused by a virus called human herpesvirus 8 (HHV-8) and is most commonly seen in individuals with weakened immune systems, such as those with HIV/AIDS....

Oral pyogenic granuloma, also known as pregnancy tumor or granuloma gravidarum, is a common benign growth that occurs in the oral cavity. It is characterized by a small, red, or pink, raised bump that can bleed easily. It is typically painless but...

Oral ulceration refers to the presence of open sores or lesions in the mouth. These ulcers can be painful and may make it difficult to eat, drink, or speak. They can occur on the lips, tongue, gums, inside of the cheeks, or roof of the mouth. Oral...

Oral vesicles are small, fluid-filled blisters that can develop on the inside of the mouth, lips, or tongue. They are often caused by viral infections, such as herpes simplex virus (cold sores) or coxsackievirus (hand, foot, and mouth disease). Or...

Osgood-Schlatter condition (formerly known as Osgood-Schlatter's disease) is a painful condition characterized by tiny, microfractures of the bony bump in the lower leg bone (tibia) where the ligament from the kneecap (patella) is inserted into th...

Osgood-Schlatter disease facts Osgood-Schlatter disease is a painful inflammation in the front of the bony leg below the knee. Osgood-Schlatter disease can cause local pain, inflammation, swelling, and calcification. ...

Osteoarthritis facts Osteoarthritis is a joint inflammation that results from cartilage degeneration. Osteoarthritis can be caused by aging, heredity, and injury from trauma or disease. The most common symptom of...

Osteoarthritis facts Osteoarthritis is a joint inflammation that results from cartilage degeneration. Osteoarthritis can be caused by aging, heredity, and injury from trauma or disease. The most common symptom of...

Osteochondritis dissecans facts Osteochondritis dissecans is a joint condition whereby a variable amount of bone and its adjacent cartilage loses its blood supply. The cause of osteochondritis dissecans is often unknown....

Osteonecrosis of the jaw (ONJ) is a rare condition in which the bone tissue in the jaw fails to heal after minor trauma, such as a tooth extraction or dental surgery, leading to the death of the bone tissue. This can result in pain, swelling, infe...

Osteopenia facts Osteopenia is decreased bone density but not to the extent of osteoporosis. This decreased bone density leads to bone fragility and an increased chance of breaking a bone (fracture). Women over the age of ...

Ovarian cancer is a type of cancer that begins in the ovaries. The female reproductive system contains two ovaries, one on each side of the uterus. The ovaries — each about the size of an almond — produce eggs (ova) as well as the horm...

The term "ovarian cancer" includes several different types of cancer that all arise from cells of the ovary. Most commonly, tumors arise from the epithelium, or lining cells, of the ovary. These include epithelial ovarian (from the cells on the su...

Different types of manual therapy, or mobilization, can be used to treat people with spinal alignment problems. For acute musculoskeletal pain, these techniques have been shown to speed recovery. In patients with musculoskeletal disorders ...

Hydrocele facts While hydroceles may occur in either gender, they are much more common in males. A hydrocele is a collection of clear fluid in a thin walled sack present in the scrotum. Hydroceles may be either o...

Penile cancer is a disease in which malignant (cancer) cells form in the tissues of the penis. The penis is a rod-shaped male reproductive organ that passes sperm and urine from the body. It contains two types of erectile tissue (spongy ti...

Penile cancer is a disease in which malignant (cancer) cells form in the tissues of the penis. The penis is a rod-shaped male reproductive organ that passes sperm and urine from the body. It contains two types of erectile tissue (spongy ti...

Pericoronitis is a condition in which the gum tissue around a partially erupted tooth becomes inflamed and infected. This most commonly occurs around the wisdom teeth, which are the last teeth to come in and often do not have enough room to fully ...

Phlebitis refers to inflammation of a vein and it can be caused by any insult to the blood vessel wall, impaired venous flow, or coagulation abnormality. Pain, swelling, redness, and tenderness are some common symptoms of phlebitis....

Phlebitis refers to inflammation of a vein and it can be caused by any insult to the blood vessel wall, impaired venous flow, or coagulation abnormality. Pain, swelling, redness, and tenderness are some common symptoms of phlebitis....

Preeclampsia is a pregnancy complication characterized by high blood pressure and signs of damage to another organ system, most often the liver and kidneys. Preeclampsia usually begins after 20 weeks of pregnancy in women whose blood pressure had ...

Pseudogout facts Pseudogout is caused by crystals in a joint. Pseudogout causes arthritis (joint inflammation). Pseudogout can cause calcification of cartilage. The arthritis of pseudogout is diagnosed ...

Pleuropulmonary blastoma (PPB) is a rare childhood cancer occurring in the chest, specifically in the lungs or in the coverings of the lungs called "pleura". PPB occurs almost exclusively in children under the age of approximately 7-8 years and ra...

Infectious arthritis is an inflammation of one or more joints that occurs as a result of infection by bacteria, viruses or, less frequently, fungi or parasites. The symptoms of Infectious arthritis depend upon which agent has caused the infection ...

Infectious arthritis is an inflammation of one or more joints that occurs as a result of infection by bacteria, viruses or, less frequently, fungi or parasites. The symptoms of Infectious arthritis depend upon which agent has caused the infection ...

Infectious arthritis is an inflammation of one or more joints that occurs as a result of infection by bacteria, viruses or, less frequently, fungi or parasites. The symptoms of Infectious arthritis depend upon which agent has caused the infection ...

A ranula is a type of cyst that forms on the floor of the mouth, usually under the tongue. It is typically filled with mucus and can cause swelling and discomfort. Ranulas are usually harmless, but they can sometimes become infected or grow large ...

Reflex sympathetic dystrophy syndrome (RSDS), also known as complex regional pain syndrome, is a rare disorder of the sympathetic nervous system that is characterized by chronic, severe pain. The sympathetic nervous system is that part of the auto...

Reflex sympathetic dystrophy (RSD) facts Reflex sympathetic dystrophy (RSD) is characterized by a group of symptoms including pain (often "burning" type), tenderness, and swelling of an extremity associated with varying degrees of s...

Reflex sympathetic dystrophy syndrome (RSDS), also known as complex regional pain syndrome, is a rare disorder of the sympathetic nervous system that is characterized by chronic, severe pain. The sympathetic nervous system is that part of the auto...

A root canal infection, also known as endodontic infection, occurs when bacteria enter the pulp chamber of a tooth and cause an infection. This can happen due to tooth decay, a cracked or broken tooth, or trauma to the tooth. The infection can lea...

What is salivary gland cancer? The salivary glands make saliva and release it into the mouth. Saliva has enzymes that help digest food and antibodies that help protect against infections of the mouth and throat. There are 3 pairs of major ...

Salivary gland stones, also known as sialolithiasis, are small, hard mineral deposits that form in the salivary glands. These stones can block the flow of saliva from the gland to the mouth, causing pain, swelling, and infection. Salivary gland st...

Though they're not cancerous, sebaceous cysts can be irritating. A sebaceous cyst is a small lump or bump under the skin. This type of cyst is not cancerous. They are most often found on the face, neck, upper back, and upper chest,...

Shin splints facts Shin splints are a type of "overuse injury" to the legs. The pain is characteristic and located on the outer edge of the mid region of the leg next to the shinbone (tibia). It can be extreme and halt wor...

Sialadenitis is a condition characterized by inflammation of the salivary glands, which are responsible for producing saliva in the mouth. This inflammation can be caused by bacterial or viral infections, blockages in the salivary ducts, autoimmun...

Familial idiopathic basal ganglia calcification (FIBGC) is a rare neurological disorder characterized by the presence of abnormal calcium deposits (calcifications) of unknown cause. Associated symptoms include progressive deterioration of cognitiv...

Billions of people worldwide carry the Staphylococcus aureus bacteria, but most are unaffected by it. There are more than 30 different types of bacteria that are classified as Staphylococcus; the most common is Staphylococcus aureus. ...

Stomatitis is a general term for inflammation of the mucous lining of the mouth, which can result in painful sores or ulcers. It can be caused by a variety of factors, including viral or bacterial infections, autoimmune disorders, allergies, or ir...

Reflex sympathetic dystrophy syndrome (RSDS), also known as complex regional pain syndrome, is a rare disorder of the sympathetic nervous system that is characterized by chronic, severe pain. The sympathetic nervous system is that part of the auto...

Introduction The superior vena cava is a large vein located in the upper chest, which collects blood from the head and arms and delivers it back to the right atrium of the heart. If this vein is compressed by outside structures, or if a th...

Dysplasia epiphysealis hemimelica, also known as Trevor disease, is a rare skeletal developmental disorder of childhood. It is characterized by an overgrowth of cartilage on the ends (epiphyses) of the long bones of the arms and legs and the bones...

A tooth abscess is a painful infection that occurs at the root of a tooth or between the tooth and the gum. It is usually caused by bacteria entering the tooth through a cavity, crack, or chip in the tooth. The infection can cause swelling, pain, ...

A tooth fracture is a crack or break in a tooth that can range from a small chip to a more severe break that exposes the inner layers of the tooth. Tooth fractures can be caused by a variety of factors, including trauma, biting down on hard object...

Toothache is a pain or discomfort in or around a tooth. It is usually caused by tooth decay, infection, gum disease, or injury to the tooth. Other possible causes of toothache include a cracked tooth, a loose filling, or grinding of the teeth. Sym...

Torus mandibularis is a bony growth that develops on the inner surface of the lower jaw, near the premolar and molar teeth. It is a benign, non-cancerous growth that is usually painless and does not require treatment unless it causes discomfort or...

Dysplasia epiphysealis hemimelica, also known as Trevor disease, is a rare skeletal developmental disorder of childhood. It is characterized by an overgrowth of cartilage on the ends (epiphyses) of the long bones of the arms and legs and the bones...

Trichomoniasis is a sexually transmitted infection (STI) caused by a parasite called Trichomonas vaginalis. It is one of the most common STIs worldwide and can affect both men and women. Symptoms of trichomoniasis can include genital itching, burn...

Papular urticaria, usually called hives, is characterized by large numbers of very itchy red bumps (papules) that come and go every few days over a period of a month or so. The bumps are usually between 0.2 and 2 cm. in size and some may develop i...

Physical urticaria is a condition in which red (erythematous) allergic skin lesions and itching (pruritus) are produced by exposure to heat, cold, or contact with chemicals or plants. These are called wheals by the medical community and may range ...

General DiscussionVACTERL association is a nonrandom association of birth defects that affects multiple median and para-median structures. The term VACTERL is an acronym with each letter representing the first letter of one of the more co...

General DiscussionVACTERL association is a nonrandom association of birth defects that affects multiple median and para-median structures. The term VACTERL is an acronym with each letter representing the first letter of one of the more co...

Gorham's disease (GD) is an extremely rare bone disorder; fewer than 200 cases are reported in the medical literature. It is characterized by bone loss (osteolysis) often associated with swelling or abnormal blood vessel growth (angiomatous prolif...

Familial eosinophilic cellulitis is a rare skin disorder. It is characterized by raised, red, swollen, and warm areas of skin, in a flame-shaped pattern with associated pain. The exact cause of the disease is unknown. However, bites of spiders, be...

Yeast infection, also known as candidiasis, is a fungal infection caused by an overgrowth of the Candida fungus. It can occur in various parts of the body, including the mouth, throat, skin, and genital area. Symptoms of yeast infection may includ...