Bronchitis is an infection that causes irritation and inflammation in the lungs' major airways (bronchi). Bronchitis is divided into two types: acute and chronic. Chronic bronchitis is a long-term condition that can reoccur. Long-term stress, such...

Bronchitis is an infection that affects the lungs' major airways (bronchi), causing irritation and inflammation. Bronchitis can be classified into two types: acute and long-term. Chronic bronchitis is a long-term problem that can come back. It is usu...

Chronic Bronchitis is a type of COPD (chronic obstructive pulmonary disease). COPD is a lung infection and disease that can make breathing difficult and progressively worsen over time. Other than COPD, the most common type of COPD is emphysema. Th...

COPD is a chronic lung disease that results in obstructed airflow from the lungs. Asthmatics have difficulty breathing, cough, cough up mucus (sputum), and wheeze. It is most commonly caused by long-term exposure to irritating particles or gases, ...

COPD is a long-term lung disease that causes blocked airflow from the lungs. People who have asthma have trouble breathing, cough, cough up mucus (sputum), and wheeze. It is most often caused by exposure to irritating particles or gases over a long p...

Endocardial fibroelastosis (EFE) is a rare heart disorder that affects infants and children. It is characterized by a thickening within the muscular lining of the heart chambers due to an increase in the amount of supporting connective tissue (ine...

Endomyocardial fibrosis (EMF) is a progressive disease of unknown origin (idiopathic) that may seriously affect the heart. Its most obvious feature is a gross change in the makeup of the lining of the heart cavities (the endocardium) of one or bot...

General DiscussionEndocardial fibroelastosis (EFE) is a rare heart disorder that affects infants and children. It is characterized by a thickening within the muscular lining of the heart chambers due to an increase in the amount of suppor...

Introduction The superior vena cava is a large vein located in the upper chest, which collects blood from the head and arms and delivers it back to the right atrium of the heart. If this vein is compressed by outside structures, or if a th...

General DiscussionVentricular septal defects are heart defects that are present at birth (congenital). The normal heart has four chambers. The two upper chambers, known as atria, are separated from each other by a fibrous partition known ...